{"id":923,"date":"2020-11-20T17:35:41","date_gmt":"2020-11-20T16:35:41","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/?p=923"},"modified":"2021-03-08T21:33:02","modified_gmt":"2021-03-08T20:33:02","slug":"le-changement-et-linnovation-au-sein-des-organisations-a-travers-lapproche-de-la-deviance-positive","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2020\/11\/20\/le-changement-et-linnovation-au-sein-des-organisations-a-travers-lapproche-de-la-deviance-positive\/","title":{"rendered":"Le changement et l\u2019innovation au sein des organisations \u00e0 travers l\u2019approche de la d\u00e9viance positive"},"content":{"rendered":"

Les organisations du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle sont nombreuses \u00e0 \u00eatre confront\u00e9es \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de changer face \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis ou crises de diverses natures (ex : digitalisation, crise \u00e9conomiques, sociales, terroristes, sanitaires). Il est d\u00e9sormais reconnu que dans des environnements complexes, ambigus, incertains et volatiles, la r\u00e9silience des organisations<\/a> tient \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 absorber, \u00e0 s’adapter et \u00e0 se transformer face \u00e0 ces perturbations.<\/p>\n

La mise en place d\u2019innovations et de changements est traditionnellement conduite dans l\u2019organisation de mani\u00e8re descendante et\/ou par des experts externes \u00e0 celle-ci. Or, leur efficacit\u00e9 est souvent limit\u00e9e en raison de leur manque d\u2019ad\u00e9quation avec les probl\u00e9matiques terrain. De plus en plus, la valeur de l’expertise locale et intra-organisationnelle est mise en avant. L’une de ces approches internes \u00e0 la diffusion de l’innovation et du changement est l’approche de D\u00e9viance Positive<\/a> (DP). Cette approche aborde des probl\u00e8mes complexes en identifiant des innovations efficaces dans des contextes pouvant \u00eatre \u00e0 faibles ressources, puis en les diffusant et en les mettant en \u0153uvre de l’int\u00e9rieur vers l’ext\u00e9rieur pour une adoption plus large (Singhal et Svenkerud, 2019).<\/p>\n

La DP est fond\u00e9e sur le fait que dans chaque communaut\u00e9, il existe des individus ou des groupes dont les comportements et les strat\u00e9gies peu communs leur permettent de trouver de meilleures solutions aux probl\u00e8mes de leurs pairs. On peut trouver des d\u00e9viants positifs dans n’importe quel type d\u2019organisation ou de profession. Ils se caract\u00e9risent par leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 trouver de meilleures solutions aux probl\u00e8mes malgr\u00e9 le fait qu’ils partagent les m\u00eames ressources, d\u00e9fis et obstacles que les autres membres de l\u2019organisation. Bien souvent, la raison de leur succ\u00e8s est simplement qu’ils font les choses diff\u00e9remment et parfois qu’ils contournent les r\u00e8gles et d\u00e9sob\u00e9issent aux proc\u00e9dures pour que le travail soit fait plus rapidement, mieux et \u00e0 moindre co\u00fbt. Cette m\u00e9thode implique plusieurs \u00e9tapes : la d\u00e9finition du probl\u00e8me et des r\u00e9sultats escompt\u00e9s, l\u2019identification des individus atteignant ces r\u00e9sultats, les comportements et pratiques leurs permettant de les atteindre, et le d\u00e9veloppement d\u2019une intervention permettant de diffuser et promouvoir ces pratiques.<\/p>\n

L\u2019originalit\u00e9 de cette approche tient \u00e0 trois points :
\n– Les solutions viennent de l\u2019int\u00e9rieur plut\u00f4t que de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur. L’expert en DP est davantage un facilitateur qui travaille avec la communaut\u00e9 afin qu’elle puisse d\u00e9couvrir elle-m\u00eame les d\u00e9viants positifs, identifier leurs pratiques peu communes mais efficaces, et ensuite concevoir une intervention communautaire pour les rendre visibles et r\u00e9alisables.
\n– Alors que les approches classiques reposent sur une pratique fond\u00e9e sur des preuves connues et valid\u00e9es, le point de d\u00e9part de l’approche DP consiste \u00e0 d\u00e9couvrir des preuves fond\u00e9es sur la pratique, c’est-\u00e0-dire \u00e0 identifier la variation dans la pratique (les comportements d\u00e9viants) qui fait la diff\u00e9rence.
\n– Cette approche permet un changement rapide car les solutions g\u00e9n\u00e9r\u00e9es localement ont plus de chances d\u2019\u00eatre adopt\u00e9s par le reste de la communaut\u00e9. Par ailleurs, comme les comportements de DP sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 en pratique, les solutions peuvent \u00eatre mises en \u0153uvre sans d\u00e9lai ni acc\u00e8s \u00e0 des ressources ext\u00e9rieures.<\/p>\n

De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale l\u2019approche DP est la mieux adapt\u00e9e pour traiter des probl\u00e8mes d’adaptation complexes ayant des causes multiples et imbriqu\u00e9es et l\u2019est moins pour traiter des probl\u00e8mes qui ont des solutions techniques simples. Elle a d\u2019ailleurs \u00e9t\u00e9 utilis\u00e9e au cours des 25 derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es dans plus de 50 pays pour aborder une grande vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de probl\u00e8mes complexes, tels que la r\u00e9solution de la malnutrition end\u00e9mique, la r\u00e9duction de la mortalit\u00e9 n\u00e9o-natale, la r\u00e9duction des abandons scolaires, la r\u00e9duction de la propagation des infections nosocomiales, et d’autres probl\u00e8mes insolubles (ex. Jain, Sachdev, Singhal, Svenkerud, et Agarwal, 2018 ; Singhal et Dura, 2017).<\/p>\n

Mathilde Bri\u00e8re<\/a> et Jeanne Le Roy<\/a><\/p>\n

R\u00e9f\u00e9rences
\n<\/strong>Jain P., Sachdev A., Singhal A., Svenkerud P. J., & Agarwal S. (2018, May). \u00ab Voice, imagination, and actionable possibilities: A positive deviance inquiry of women entrepreneurs in Uttar Pradesh, India \u00bb. Paper presented at the 68th Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Prague, The Czech Republic.
\nSinghal A., et Dura L. (2017). \u00ab Positive deviance: A non-normative approach to health and risk messaging \u00bb. In Oxford research encyclopedia of communication: Communication theory, health and risk communica-tion, New York: Oxford University Press.. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190228613.013.248<\/a>
\nSinghal, A., & Svenkerud, P. J. (2019). \u00ab Flipping the diffusion of innovations paradigm: Embracing the positive deviance approach to social change<\/em> \u00bb, .Asia Pacific Media Educator<\/em>, 29 (2), 151\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1326365X19857010<\/a><\/p>\n

 <\/strong><\/span><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Les organisations du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle sont nombreuses \u00e0 \u00eatre confront\u00e9es \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de changer face \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis ou crises de diverses natures (ex : digitalisation, crise \u00e9conomiques, sociales, terroristes, sanitaires). Il est d\u00e9sormais reconnu que dans des environnements complexes, ambigus, incertains et volatiles, la r\u00e9silience des organisations tient \u00e0 leur capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 absorber, … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":927,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[5,38],"class_list":["post-923","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-innovation","tag-lettre3"],"yoast_head":"\nLe changement et l\u2019innovation au sein des organisations \u00e0 travers l\u2019approche de la d\u00e9viance positive -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2020\/11\/20\/le-changement-et-linnovation-au-sein-des-organisations-a-travers-lapproche-de-la-deviance-positive\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Le changement et l\u2019innovation au sein des organisations \u00e0 travers l\u2019approche de la d\u00e9viance positive -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Les organisations du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle sont nombreuses \u00e0 \u00eatre confront\u00e9es \u00e0 la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 de changer face \u00e0 des d\u00e9fis ou crises de diverses natures (ex : digitalisation, crise \u00e9conomiques, sociales, terroristes, sanitaires). 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