{"id":6386,"date":"2026-06-29T13:28:00","date_gmt":"2026-06-29T11:28:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/?p=6386"},"modified":"2026-06-29T13:29:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-29T11:29:05","slug":"les-altmetriques","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2026\/06\/29\/les-altmetriques\/","title":{"rendered":"Les altm\u00e9triques"},"content":{"rendered":"

Introduction\u00a0: Les altm\u00e9triques, c\u2019est quoi\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les enseignants-chercheurs sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s tout au long de leur carri\u00e8re. L\u2019indicateur le plus connu est le h-index (ou facteur h) cr\u00e9\u00e9 par le physicien Jorge Hirsch (2005), est un indicateur d\u2019impact des publications d\u2019un chercheur. Il prend en compte le nombre de publications d\u2019un chercheur et le nombre de leurs citations. Le h-index d\u2019un auteur est \u00e9gal au\u00a0nombre h le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9 de ses publications qui ont re\u00e7u au moins h citations chacune.<\/p>\n

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Or, les supports de publications et de diffusion \u00e9voluent rapidement, c\u2019est pourquoi, des mesures alternatives se d\u00e9veloppent, en particulier les altm\u00e9triques (mesures d’impact alternatives) qui \u00e9valuent d\u2019une part, l\u2019activit\u00e9 de publications et, d\u2019autre part, les interactions qu\u2019elles engendrent sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux. Ces publications sont diverses\u00a0: ouvrage, article scientifique, article sur le web vid\u00e9o, ensemble de donn\u00e9es (dataset) etc\u2026<\/p>\n

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Les altm\u00e9triques utilisent une multitude de sources. Sans \u00eatre exhaustif, on peut citer\u00a0: facebook, LinkedIn, les m\u00e9dias traditionnels (Time, Le Monde), les blogs scientifiques, les bases de donn\u00e9es (Scopus, Web of Science), les encyclop\u00e9dies en ligne (Wikip\u00e9dia), les vid\u00e9os en ligne (you tube, daily motion).<\/p>\n

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De nombreux \u00e9diteurs (Springer, Web of Science) int\u00e8grent les altim\u00e9triques dans leurs interfaces web pour montrer leur visibilit\u00e9 d\u2019un article sur internet. Les revues scientifiques ont des pages web qui reprennent le nombre de citations par les articles des revues scientifiques index\u00e9s dans les bases de donn\u00e9es bibliographiques internationales (Web of Science, Scopus).<\/p>\n

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Les altm\u00e9triques ont deux caract\u00e9ristiques. La premi\u00e8re est qu\u2019ils sont mis \u00e0 jour en temps r\u00e9el. La seconde est qu\u2019ils prennent en compte un grand nombre de sources d\u2019information et la diversit\u00e9 des productions.<\/p>\n

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La signification des altm\u00e9triques et le cycle de vie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les altm\u00e9triques sont des mesures quantitatives repr\u00e9sent\u00e9es par une valeur chiffr\u00e9e, un graphique en couleur (barre cumul\u00e9e par exemple). On peut faire ressortir par exemple le nombre de pages web visit\u00e9es, les likes, le nombre de t\u00e9l\u00e9chargement, le nombre de mentions de la publication ou de l\u2019information dans les articles de presse.<\/p>\n

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D\u00e9sormais, lorsqu\u2019un \u00e9diteur scientifique publie un travail, il lui attribue un num\u00e9ro d\u2019identification DOI (Digital Object Identifier). Toute interaction faite \u00e0 partir de ce DOI peuvent \u00eatre suivies. Un cycle de vie commence avec par la mention de la publication sur les r\u00e9seaux (exemple facebook) puis par les utilisations au travers de signets (exemple Mendeley) ou vues (exemple Research Gate) et enfin par les citations bibliographiques.<\/p>\n

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Altm\u00e9trique vs h index\u00a0: compl\u00e9mentarit\u00e9 ou substituabilit\u00e9\u00a0?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les alm\u00e9triques sont parfois consid\u00e9r\u00e9s comme une nouvelle mesure qui vont remplacer les indicateurs traditionnels. Pour autant, il convient de mod\u00e9rer ce propos. Les altm\u00e9triques n\u2019ont pas pour objectif de remplacer les indicateurs traditionnels (h-index, g-index[1]<\/a>, SJR -Scimago Journal Rank-[2]<\/a>) qui permettent une bonne diffusion des connaissances (Ewell, 2009) et de mesurer le statut d\u2019un chercheur dans sa communaut\u00e9 (Lee et al., 2012).<\/p>\n

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Les altm\u00e9triques 1\/ \u00e9valuent l\u2019activit\u00e9 web engendr\u00e9e par les partages sur les r\u00e9seaux sociaux, 2\/ utilisent un panel de sources plus larges que les indicateurs traditionnels, et 3\/ proposent des mesures imm\u00e9diates alors que les indicateurs traditionnels sont calcul\u00e9s sur une ou plusieurs ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n

Les altm\u00e9triques peuvent \u00eatre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s non pas comme un changement de l\u2019\u00e9valuation de la recherche (Moed et Halevi, 2015) mais plut\u00f4t comme un compl\u00e9ment. Les altm\u00e9triques, m\u00eame si ils ne sont exempts de limites, ont finalement plusieurs avantages par rapport aux m\u00e9triques traditionnelles\u00a0: l\u2019\u00e9tendue (mesure de l\u2019impact soci\u00e9tal et acad\u00e9mique), la diversit\u00e9 (prise en compte de toutes les productions), vitesse (mesure en temps r\u00e9el).<\/p>\n

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Les limites des alm\u00e9triques<\/strong><\/p>\n

Si les indicateurs traditionnels partagent des limites communes avec les altm\u00e9triques (mesures quantitatives et non qualitatives, homonymie des noms, plusieurs versions d\u2019une m\u00eame publication), ils ont \u00e9galement des limites propres. Premi\u00e8rement, les sources de donn\u00e9es sur lesquelles elles sont calcul\u00e9es sont instables et parfois non p\u00e9rennes. Deuxi\u00e8mement, elles ne repr\u00e9sentent pas une \u00e9valuation par les pairs selon les standards classiques et peuvent alors refl\u00e9ter autant un impact scientifiques r\u00e9el qu\u2019une simple attention sociale.<\/p>\n

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Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

Les altm\u00e9triques syt\u00e9matisent l\u2019utilisation des m\u00e9dias sociaux dans la phase de promotion des r\u00e9sultats et popularisent le d\u00e9p\u00f4t d\u2019articles au sein des archives ouvertes. Cette \u00e9volution peut amorcer un passage du \u00ab\u00a0publish or perish\u00a0\u00bb vers le \u00ab\u00a0promote or perish\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\n

Eric S\u00e9verin<\/a>, David Veganzones<\/a><\/p>\n

Bibliographie<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ewell P., 2009, Assessment, accountability, and improvement, NILOA Occasional Paper, vol 1.<\/p>\n

\n

Hirsch J.E., 2005, An index to quantify an individual\u2019s scientific research output, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol 102, n\u00b046, p. 16569-16572.<\/p>\n

\n

Lee L; Pusek S., McCormack W., Helitzer D., Martina Camille A., Dozier Ann M., Ahluwalia Jasjit S., Schwartz Lisa S., McManus Linda M., Reynolds Brian D., Haynes Erin N., Rubio Doris M., 2012, Clinical and translational scientist career success: metrics for evaluation, Clinal and transactional science, vol 5, n\u00b05, p. 400-407.<\/p>\n

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Moed H., Halevi G., 2015, Multidimensional assessment of scholarly research impact, Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, vol 66, n\u00b010, p. 1988-2002.<\/p>\n

[1]<\/a> Le facteur g est une variante du facteur h. Le facteur g est le plus grand nombre d\u2019articles pour lesquels il est vrai de dire que l\u2019ensemble des g articles ont re\u00e7u au moins g\u00b2 citations.<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a> Le Scimago est le nombre de fois o\u00f9 en moyenne un article dans une revue donn\u00e9e est cit\u00e9 par d\u2019autres articles, chaque citation \u00e9tant pond\u00e9r\u00e9e par la notori\u00e9t\u00e9 de la revue citante. Le SJR d\u2019une revue J en l\u2019an X est le nombre de citations re\u00e7ues en l\u2019an X par l\u2019ensemble des articles publi\u00e9s dans la revue J au cours des 3 ann\u00e9es pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes, pond\u00e9r\u00e9es par la notori\u00e9t\u00e9 des revues citantes, divis\u00e9 par le nombre d\u2019articles publi\u00e9s par la revue J pendant la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Introduction\u00a0: Les altm\u00e9triques, c\u2019est quoi\u00a0? Les enseignants-chercheurs sont \u00e9valu\u00e9s tout au long de leur carri\u00e8re. L\u2019indicateur le plus connu est le h-index (ou facteur h) cr\u00e9\u00e9 par le physicien Jorge Hirsch (2005), est un indicateur d\u2019impact des publications d\u2019un chercheur. 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