{"id":3598,"date":"2021-07-16T16:34:14","date_gmt":"2021-07-16T14:34:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/?p=3598"},"modified":"2021-10-10T18:53:10","modified_gmt":"2021-10-10T16:53:10","slug":"la-corruption-sous-ses-differentes-facettes-lexemple-du-liban","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2021\/07\/16\/la-corruption-sous-ses-differentes-facettes-lexemple-du-liban\/","title":{"rendered":"La corruption sous ses diff\u00e9rentes facettes : l&rsquo;exemple du Liban"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans un pays comme le Liban, ravag\u00e9 actuellement par une crise \u00e9conomique et financi\u00e8re majeure, in\u00e9gal\u00e9e depuis la fin de la guerre de 1975-1990<strong>,<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-geoeconomie-2013-3-page-207.htm\">la corruption<\/a> s\u00e9vit non seulement au niveau de l\u2019Etat mais aussi \u00e0 tous les niveaux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et se d\u00e9cline en de nombreuses facettes.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">La forme la plus courante dont est appr\u00e9hend\u00e9e la corruption concerne les pots-de-vin v\u00e9hicul\u00e9s entre un corrupteur et un corrompu. Le corrupteur est celui qui soudoie le corrompu \u00e0 partir de biens p\u00e9cuniaires (argent, commissions, \u2026), des biens mat\u00e9riels (\u00e9quipements, machines, etc.) ou des dons sous toutes formes et ce, afin d\u2019obtenir un service en contrepartie. Le corrompu se plie alors \u00e0 toutes les demandes du corrupteur en d\u00e9ployant maints efforts pour satisfaire tous ses besoins. Une telle pratique est courante, voire institutionnalis\u00e9e au Liban et concerne tous les \u00e9chelons de la hi\u00e9rarchie. Dans ce pays, l\u2019usager est par exemple amen\u00e9 \u00e0 verser, aupr\u00e8s de l\u2019administration publique, des sommes d\u2019argent consid\u00e9rables pour obtenir des documents administratifs indispensables pour \u00eatre en conformit\u00e9 avec la loi \u2013 loi rarement respect\u00e9e par les corrupteurs et les corrompus.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Que ce soit dans le secteur public ou priv\u00e9, la corruption est donc le plus souvent li\u00e9e \u00e0 l\u2019argent et conduit au non-respect des&nbsp;lois ou des r\u00e8glementations en vigueur, car les personnes d\u00e9tentrices de pouvoir d\u00e9rogent \u00e0 toutes les r\u00e8gles en imposant les leurs.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cependant, la th\u00e9matique de la corruption ne se r\u00e9sume pas uniquement \u00e0 la notion de pots-de-vin. Elle rev\u00eat une panoplie de comportements pro\u00e9minents dont notamment&nbsp;: le client\u00e9lisme, le n\u00e9potisme, l\u2019abus de confiance, la fraude, la falsification, le blanchiment d\u2019argent, le harc\u00e8lement moral, le harc\u00e8lement sexuel, la kleptocratie, l\u2019abus du pouvoir, le favoritisme, etc. Nous d\u00e9velopperons quelques notions significatives dans les grandes organisations publiques et priv\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cairn.info\/revue-francaise-de-science-politique-2001-4-page-569.htm\">Le client\u00e9lisme<\/a> est d\u00e9fini comme un \u00e9change r\u00e9ciproque de services entre les individus de statuts sociaux in\u00e9gaux, le \u00ab&nbsp;patron&nbsp;\u00bb et ses \u00ab&nbsp;clients&nbsp;\u00bb (Briquet, 1997). Il consiste, pour celui qui d\u00e9tient une autorit\u00e9, \u00e0 accorder toutes sortes d\u2019avantages \u00e0 certaines personnes favoris\u00e9es (mais non m\u00e9ritantes forc\u00e9ment), les fid\u00e9liser et en faire ses oblig\u00e9s. A titre d\u2019exemple, au Liban o\u00f9 le client\u00e9lisme est monnaie courante, il recouvre des services rendus \u00e0 des individus ou entreprises sur la seule base d\u2019affinit\u00e9s politiques, personnelles ou sociales au m\u00e9pris des r\u00e8gles en vigueur ou des comp\u00e9tences.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cmi.no\/publications\/4679-la-kleptocratie-en-ligne-de-mire\">La kleptocratie<\/a> se r\u00e9f\u00e8re \u00e0 une situation o\u00f9 un fonctionnaire ou une personne haut plac\u00e9e a comme but principal l\u2019enrichissement personnel et poss\u00e8de le pouvoir d\u2019atteindre cet objectif (Andreski, 1968).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Parmi les d\u00e9clinaisons de la corruption, nous retrouvons \u00e9galement l\u2019abus de confiance qui se manifeste notamment lorsque la confiance est d\u00e9voy\u00e9e. Selon Fukuyama (1994), la confiance entre acteurs \u00e9conomiques est un facteur essentiel pour le d\u00e9veloppement des grandes entreprises. Elle diminue le co\u00fbt de contr\u00f4le et le risque. Ainsi, pour un mod\u00e8le relationnel \u00e0 deux dimensions dans l\u2019entreprise, confiance et coop\u00e9ration sont les principaux piliers. Par suite, quand l\u2019un de ces piliers est absent ou s\u2019\u00e9tiole, le mod\u00e8le relationnel \u00e0 deux dimensions est annihil\u00e9. Il est remplac\u00e9 par un mod\u00e8le unidirectionnel quasi inefficace.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Face \u00e0 ces diverses facettes de corruption qui gangr\u00e8nent les entreprises ou institutions, la lutte contre la corruption devrait se renforcer, \u00e0 travers, entre autres, les universit\u00e9s via un processus continu d\u2019apprentissage (Bisoux, 2021). Il est donc indispensable, voire vital, d\u2019inculquer aux futurs managers, les fondements de l\u2019\u00e9thique afin qu\u2019ils comprennent que l\u2019\u00e9thique n\u2019est pas th\u00e9orique mais pratique. Leur devoir de dirigeants consistera \u00e0 appliquer l\u2019\u00e9thique sur une base quotidienne dans leurs entreprises ou institutions et \u00e0 devenir ainsi des vecteurs de changement dans leur r\u00e9gion et dans leur pays.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2020\/11\/19\/carole-doueiry-verne\/\">Carole Douery Verne<\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Andreski S. (1968), \u00ab&nbsp;Kleptocracy or Corruption as a System of Government&nbsp;\u00bb, In Stanislav Andreski, <em>The African Predicament&nbsp;: A Study in the Pathology of Modernisation, <\/em>New York&nbsp;: Atherton.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Bisoux T. (2021), \u00ab&nbsp;The Continuous Work of Teaching Business Ethics\u00bb, AACSB Insights, February.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Briquet J.L.(1997), <em>La tradition en mouvement, client\u00e9lisme et politique en Corse<\/em>, \u00e9ditions Belin, 1997, p. 7.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Fukuyama F. (1994), <em>Trust&nbsp;: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity, <\/em>Free Press, New York, 1994.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans un pays comme le Liban, ravag\u00e9 actuellement par une crise \u00e9conomique et financi\u00e8re majeure, in\u00e9gal\u00e9e depuis la fin de la guerre de 1975-1990, la corruption s\u00e9vit non seulement au niveau de l\u2019Etat mais aussi \u00e0 tous les niveaux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et se d\u00e9cline en de nombreuses facettes. La forme la plus courante dont &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3599,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[89],"class_list":["post-3598","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-lettrepolitique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>La corruption sous ses diff\u00e9rentes facettes : l&#039;exemple du Liban -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2021\/07\/16\/la-corruption-sous-ses-differentes-facettes-lexemple-du-liban\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"La corruption sous ses diff\u00e9rentes facettes : l&#039;exemple du Liban -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Dans un pays comme le Liban, ravag\u00e9 actuellement par une crise \u00e9conomique et financi\u00e8re majeure, in\u00e9gal\u00e9e depuis la fin de la guerre de 1975-1990, la corruption s\u00e9vit non seulement au niveau de l\u2019Etat mais aussi \u00e0 tous les niveaux de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 et se d\u00e9cline en de nombreuses facettes. 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