{"id":1646,"date":"2021-01-08T15:10:42","date_gmt":"2021-01-08T14:10:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/?p=1646"},"modified":"2021-07-01T23:17:42","modified_gmt":"2021-07-01T21:17:42","slug":"science-democratie-et-innovation-publique-lapport-des-livings-labs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2021\/01\/08\/science-democratie-et-innovation-publique-lapport-des-livings-labs\/","title":{"rendered":"Science, d\u00e9mocratie et innovation publique : l\u2019apport des Livings labs"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Le concept de Living Lab&nbsp;: histoire et d\u00e9finitions<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le concept de \u00ab&nbsp;Living Lab&nbsp;\u00bb (LL) est n\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, des enseignants-chercheurs utilisent l\u2019expression \u00ab <a href=\"https:\/\/pubsonline.informs.org\/doi\/abs\/10.1287\/opre.39.5.701\"><em>living laboratory<\/em><\/a> \u00bb pour d\u00e9signer un nouveau mod\u00e8le p\u00e9dagogique de type <em>learning-through-doing <\/em>(Bajgier et al. 1991). Cette exp\u00e9rimentation est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre d\u2019un cours de recherche op\u00e9rationnelle \u00e0 la Drexel University de Philadelphie. Elle vise \u00e0 mettre les \u00e9tudiants de ce cours face \u00e0 une situation de \u00ab vie r\u00e9elle \u00bb dans la communaut\u00e9 de South Street, une importante zone commerciale et r\u00e9sidentielle de la ville. Pour les chercheurs encadrant cette exp\u00e9rimenation : <em>\u00ab the course\u2019s unique feature is its commitment to an interdisciplinary approach to problem solving \u00bb<\/em> (Bajgier et al. 1991, p. 708).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:post-content -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le concept est ensuite repris par un professeur du Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dailymotion.com\/video\/xffh66\">William J. Mitchell<\/a>. Constatant les possibilit\u00e9s offertes par l&rsquo;informatique et les technologies de l&rsquo;information, Mitchell propose de passer de recherches <em>in vitro<\/em> \u00e0 des exp\u00e9rimentations <em>in vivo<\/em>. Il sugg\u00e8re de cr\u00e9er des espaces d\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation \u00ab vivants \u00bb, comme un b\u00e2timent ou une ville, en les \u00e9quipant de syst\u00e8mes de capteurs en vue d\u2019analyser la mani\u00e8re dont les gens r\u00e9agissent ou interagissent avec des solutions technologiques nouvelles dans la \u00ab&nbsp;vraie&nbsp;\u00bb vie. Il d\u00e9finit alors la notion de \u00ab Living Lab \u00bb, un lieu o\u00f9 les concepteurs peuvent chercher des inspirations, clarifier leurs id\u00e9es ou tester des hypoth\u00e8ses en les confrontant \u00e0 des situations de \u00ab&nbsp;vie r\u00e9elle&nbsp;\u00bb.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Sur la base de cette id\u00e9e, plusieurs LLs sont lanc\u00e9s aux \u00c9tats-Unis. En Europe, l\u2019id\u00e9e se popularise \u00e0 partir de 2006, lorsque la Commission Europ\u00e9enne soutient la cr\u00e9ation d\u2019un r\u00e9seau de 19 LLs, nomm\u00e9 \u00ab European Network of Living Labs \u00bb (ENoLL) (Dutilleul, Birrer, et Mensink 2010). Aujourd\u2019hui, <a href=\"https:\/\/enoll.org\/\">ENoLL<\/a> compte plus de 150 LLs membres actifs et d\u00e9finit les Living Labs comme des \u201c<em>user-centred, open innovation ecosystems based on systematic user co-creation approach, integrating research and innovation processes in real life communities and settings.\u201d <\/em>Des travaux r\u00e9cents sugg\u00e8rent que LLs contribuent \u00e0 faire \u00e9merger des \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes plus collaboratifs et inclusifs, particuli\u00e8rement adapt\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019innovation publique (B\u00e9jean, Picard, et Br\u00e9da 2021).<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<h2>Originalit\u00e9 et apport du concept<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">L\u2019originalit\u00e9 du concept de Living Lab (LL) vient tout d\u2019abord du fait qu\u2019ils d\u00e9veloppent une approche participative de l\u2019innovation dans laquelle les utilisateurs, pris dans leur \u00ab vie r\u00e9elle \u00bb, ne sont plus r\u00e9duits \u00e0 de simples objets d\u2019investigation vus de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur, mais sont int\u00e9gr\u00e9s en tant que protagonistes \u00e0 part enti\u00e8re dans les processus de recherche et d\u2019innovation. En ce sens, ils se rapprochent des <a href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolab.nl\/manila\/gems\/contextmapping\/PreprintDraft.pdf\">pratiques de co-conception<\/a> qui se sont d\u00e9velopp\u00e9es ces derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es dans le domaine du <em>design<\/em>. Ces approches r\u00e9pondent aux critiques formul\u00e9es par certains \u00e0 l\u2019encontre des modes d\u2019organisation de l\u2019innovation h\u00e9rit\u00e9s du XXe si\u00e8cle, tels que les laboratoires de recherche et d\u00e9veloppement (R&amp;D) et leurs grands bureaux d\u2019\u00e9tudes.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Par ailleurs, certains Living Labs sont porteurs de pratiques scientifiques originales&nbsp;: \u00ab&nbsp;[au sein des Living Labs], la \u2018paillasse\u2019 du laboratoire, qui confine habituellement le \u2018r\u00e9el\u2019 \u00e0 certains aspects restreints du ph\u00e9nom\u00e8ne \u00e9tudi\u00e9, cherche \u00e0 s\u2019ouvrir pour mieux int\u00e9grer les aspects de la \u2018vie r\u00e9elle\u2019 des utilisateurs&nbsp;\u00bb (B\u00e9jean et Moisdon 2017). Dans cette optique, l\u2019id\u00e9e est \u00ab&nbsp;d\u2019int\u00e9grer des observables et des param\u00e8tres qui n\u2019\u00e9taient pas accessibles de l\u2019\u2019ext\u00e9rieur\u2019, mais qui s\u2019identifient et s\u2019explorent lorsque l\u2019on se plonge dans l\u2019ar\u00e8ne du syst\u00e8me d\u2019utilisateurs \u00e9tudi\u00e9&nbsp;\u00bb (<em>ibid<\/em>.). Ce faisant, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.annales.org\/ri\/2017\/resumes\/mai\/12-ri-resum-FR-AN-AL-ES-mai-2017.html\">les Living Labs s\u2019inscrivent dans une tradition de recherche immersive<\/a>, o\u00f9 l\u2019un des enjeux est de mieux articuler l\u2019exp\u00e9rimentation scientifique avec les donn\u00e9es exp\u00e9rientielles.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dans le domaine de la sant\u00e9, il s\u2019agit, par exemple, de permettre aux patients de se r\u00e9approprier le cours de leur vie \u00e0 partir de leur propre exp\u00e9rience de la maladie et de contribuer aux soins et \u00e0 la recherche en sant\u00e9 gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leurs <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.archives-ouvertes.fr\/hal-00645113\/document\">\u00ab savoirs exp\u00e9rientiels \u00bb.<\/a> Cette \u00e9volution de l\u2019innovation sociale en sant\u00e9, centr\u00e9e sur l\u2019individu, a une longue histoire depuis les travaux d\u2019Enid Balint \u00e0 la fin des ann\u00e9es 60 en passant par la m\u00e9decine personnalis\u00e9e et narrative et l\u2019\u00e9ducation th\u00e9rapeutique, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 la cons\u00e9cration du \u00ab&nbsp;patient acteur&nbsp;\u00bb, \u00ab&nbsp;partenaire&nbsp;\u00bb, \u00ab&nbsp;expert&nbsp;\u00bb, voire \u00ab&nbsp;co-chercheur&nbsp;\u00bb. Dans les Living Labs, les&nbsp;savoirs exp\u00e9rientiels des patients, leur rapport \u00e0 la maladie et leur v\u00e9cu, constituent des leviers majeurs de la recherche et de l\u2019innovation sociale.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<h2>L\u2019exemple du Forum des Living Labs en Sant\u00e9 et Autonomie (LLSA)<\/h2>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Le <a href=\"http:\/\/www.forumllsa.org\">Forum LLSA<\/a> n\u2019est pas un Living lab en soi mais un r\u00e9seau de Living labs et d\u2019autres acteurs de la sant\u00e9 partageant des valeurs communes. Issu d\u2019un rapport du Conseil G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de l&rsquo;\u00c9conomie en 2011, il a pris forme fin 2013 pour devenir aujourd\u2019hui une Association Loi 1901 sans but lucratif. Il comprend 50 membres, dont pr\u00e8s de 40 LLSA r\u00e9partis sur l\u2019ensemble du territoire national. Il d\u00e9fend une approche participative et citoyenne de la conception des nouveaux produits et services pour la sant\u00e9 et l\u2019autonomie, au service de l\u2019innovation, du d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique et de la d\u00e9mocratie sanitaire. Ses statuts, modifi\u00e9s en 2018, consacrent une orientation vers la recherche, le d\u00e9veloppement et la diffusion de connaissances exp\u00e9rientielles.<\/p>\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">En 2017, le Forum LLSA a impuls\u00e9 une initiative nationale nomm\u00e9e \u00ab CML Sant\u00e9 France \u00bb. Cette initiative vise une transformation des processus d\u2019innovation dans les Medtech en vue d\u2019\u00e9tablir \u00ab <em>un processus plus inclusif, lisible et structur\u00e9 des processus d\u2019innovation collaborative&nbsp;\u00bb<\/em> et de \u00ab&nbsp;<em>favoriser l\u2019\u00e9mergence de solutions d\u00e9sirables, accessibles et viables <\/em>\u00bb. L\u2019initiative CML Sant\u00e9 est mentionn\u00e9e dans le rapport public <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vie-publique.fr\/rapport\/273188-politique-industrielle-en-matiere-de-dispositifs-medicaux\">\u00ab <em>R\u00e9flexions strat\u00e9giques sur la politique industrielle en mati\u00e8re de dispositifs m\u00e9dicaux <\/em>\u00bb<\/a>. Au c\u0153ur du projet ANR Dynsant\u00e9 \u2013 port\u00e9 par l\u2019UPEC, l\u2019INSERM (Tech4Health), le Forum LLSA et Altran Recherche et Innovation \u2013 l\u2019initiative CML Sant\u00e9 est un exemple de l\u2019apport des Living Labs aux enjeux d\u2019innovation et de transformation publique.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2020\/02\/14\/mathias-bejean\/\">Mathias B\u00e9jean<\/a><\/p>\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n<strong>R\u00e9f\u00e9rences\n<\/strong>Bajgier, S. M., H. D. Maragah, M. S. Saccucci, A. Verzilli, et V. R. Prybutok. 1991. Introducing Students to Community Operations Research by Using a City Neighborhood As A Living Laboratory. <em>Operations Research<\/em> 39 (5).&nbsp; INFORMS : 701\u20119.\nB\u00e9jean, M., et J.-C. Moisdon. 2017. Recherche-intervention et Living Labs, une m\u00eame lign\u00e9e de \u00ab\u202frecherches immersives\u202f\u00bb\u202f? <em>Annales des Mines &#8211; R\u00e9alit\u00e9s industrielles <\/em>Mai 2017 (2). Annales des mines: 54\u20119.\nB\u00e9jean, M., R. Picard, et G. Br\u00e9da. 2021. <em>Living Labs, innovation collaborative et \u00e9cosyst\u00e8mes: une analyse de l\u2019initiative \u00ab CML Sant\u00e9 France \u00bb dans les Medtechs<\/em>. Innovations \u00e0 para\u00eetre.\nDutilleul, B., F. A. J. Birrer, et W. Mensink. 2010. Unpacking European Living Labs: Analysing Innovation\u2019s Social Dimensions. <em>Central European Journal of Public Policy<\/em> 4 (1): 60\u201185.\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- wp:paragraph -->\n\n<!-- \/wp:paragraph -->","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Le concept de Living Lab&nbsp;: histoire et d\u00e9finitions Le concept de \u00ab&nbsp;Living Lab&nbsp;\u00bb (LL) est n\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, des enseignants-chercheurs utilisent l\u2019expression \u00ab living laboratory \u00bb pour d\u00e9signer un nouveau mod\u00e8le p\u00e9dagogique de type learning-through-doing (Bajgier et al. 1991). Cette exp\u00e9rimentation est d\u00e9velopp\u00e9e dans le cadre d\u2019un cours &hellip; <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1647,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[10],"tags":[87],"class_list":["post-1646","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-lettre5-politique"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.9 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Science, d\u00e9mocratie et innovation publique : l\u2019apport des Livings labs -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/observatoire-asap.org\/index.php\/2021\/01\/08\/science-democratie-et-innovation-publique-lapport-des-livings-labs\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Science, d\u00e9mocratie et innovation publique : l\u2019apport des Livings labs -\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Le concept de Living Lab&nbsp;: histoire et d\u00e9finitions Le concept de \u00ab&nbsp;Living Lab&nbsp;\u00bb (LL) est n\u00e9 aux \u00c9tats-Unis au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1990. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9poque, des enseignants-chercheurs utilisent l\u2019expression \u00ab living laboratory \u00bb pour d\u00e9signer un nouveau mod\u00e8le p\u00e9dagogique de type learning-through-doing (Bajgier et al. 1991). 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